Electromagnetic Fields (EMF)

Radio Frequency Eposure

Radio Frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is the transfer of energy by radio waves. RF EMR lies in the frequency range between 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). RF EMR is non-ionising radiation, meaning that it has insufficient energy to break chemical bonds or remove electrons (ionisation).

RF EMR has both electric and magnetic field
Charactirized by Power Density
The quantity used to measure how much RF EMR is actually absorbed by the body is called SAR ( Specific Absorption Rate)

Health Effects

Long term exposure to Frequencies in the microwave range which are the carrier wave for cell, cordless phones and Wi-Fi communication cause thermal and heating effect on human cells.

Pulsed, digital frequencies cause harm to cell membrane and inhibits their ability to take in nutrients and give off waste products.

Membrane Sensitivity Syndrome

Long term exposure to cell phones, cordless phones and Wi-Fi Routers is disruption of normal physiological procedure causing ill health in tissue and organ.

Long term effects from use of wireless devices reported to include memory loss, brain fog, headache, fatigue, insomnia, attention deficit disorder, ringing in the ears and numbness.

Electro-Magnetic Hypersensitivity Syndrome

Reported Biological Effects from Radio Frequency Radiation at Low Intensity Exposure (Cell Tower, Wi-Fi, Wireless Laptop and Smart Meter RF Intensities)

Power Density (Microwatts/centimeter2 - uW/cm2)		Reference
As low as (10-13) or 100 femtowatts/cm2	Super-low intensity RFR effects at MW reasonant frequencies resulted in *changes in genes; problems with chromatin conformation (DNA)*	Belyaev, 1997
5 picowatts/cm2 (10- 12)	Changed growth rates in yeast cells	Grundler, 1992
0.1 nanowatt/cm2 (10-10) or 100 picowatts/cm2	Super-low intensity RFR effects at MW reasonant frequencies resulted in changes in genes; *problems with chromatin condensation (DNA)* intensities comparable to base stations	Belyaev, 1997
0.00034 uW/cm2	Chronic exposure to mobile phone pulsed RF significantly *reduced sperm count*,	Behari, 2006
0.0005 uW/cm2	RFR *decreased cell proliferation* at 960 MHz GSM 217 Hz for 30-min exposure	Velizarov, 1999
0.0006 - 0.0128 uW/cm2	*Fatigue, depressive tendency, sleeping disorders, concentration difficulties, cardio- vascular problems* reported with exposure to GSM 900/1800 MHz cell phone signal at base station level exposures.	Oberfeld, 2004
0.003 - 0.02 uW/cm2	In children and adolescents (8-17 yrs) short-term exposure caused *headache, irritation, concentration difficulties in school*.	Heinrich, 2010
0.003 to 0.05 uW/cm2	KIDS - In children and adolescents (8-17 yrs) short-term exposure caused *conduct problems in school (behavioral problems)*	Thomas, 2010
0.005 uW/cm2	In adults (30-60 yrs) chronic exposure caused *sleep disturbances*, (but not significantly increased across the entire population)	Mohler, 2010
0.005 - 0.04 uW/cm2	Adults exposed to short-term cell phone radiation reported *headaches, concentration difficulties (differences not significant, but elevated)*	Thomas, 2008
0.006 - 0.01 uW/cm2	Chronic exposure to base station RF (whole-body) in humans showed *increased stress hormones; dopamine levels substantially decreased; higher levels of adrenaline* and *nor-adrenaline; dose-response seen; produced chronic physiological stress in cells* even after 1.5 years.	Buchner, 2012
0.01 - 0.11 uW/cm2	RFR from cell towers caused *fatigue, headaches, sleeping problems*	Navarro, 2003

Power Density (Microwatts/centimeter2 - uW/cm2)		Reference
0.01 - 0.05 uW/cm2	Adults (18-91 yrs) with short-term exposure to GSM cell phone radiation reported *headache, neurological problems, sleep and concentration problems*.	Hutter, 2006
0.005 - 0.04 uW/cm2	Adults exposed to short-term cell phone radiation reported *headaches, concentration difficulties (differences not significant, but elevated)*	Thomas, 2008
0.015 - 0.21 uW/cm2	Adults exposed to short-term GSM 900 radiation reported changes in mental state (e.g., calmness) but limitations of study on language descriptors prevented refined word choices (stupified, zoned-out)	Augner, 2009
0.05 - 0.1 uW/cm2	RFR linked to adverse *neurological, cardio symptoms and cancer risk*	Khurana, 2010
0.05 - 0.1 uW/cm2	RFR related to headache, concentration and sleeping problems, fatigue	Kundi, 2009
0.07 - 0.1 uW/cm2	Sperm head abnormalities in mice exposed for 6-months to base station level RF/MW. Sperm head abnormalities occurred in 39% to 46% exposed mice (only 2% in controls) abnormalities was also found to be dose dependent. The implications of the pin-head and banana-shaped sperm head. The occurrence of sperm head observed increase occurrence of sperm head abnormalities on the reproductive health of humans living in close proximity to GSM base stations were discussed."	Otitoloju, 2010
0.38 uW/cm2	RFR affected calcium metabolism in heart cells	Schwartz, 1990
0.8 - 10 uW/cm2	RFR caused *emotional behavior changes, free-radical damage* by super-weak MWs	Akoev, 2002
0.13 uW/cm2	RFR from 3G cell towers decreased cognition, well-being	Zwamborn, 2003
0.16 uW/cm2	KIDS - *Motor function, memory and attention of school children* affected (Latvia)	Kolodynski, 1996
0.168 - 1.053 uW/cm2	Irreversible infertility in mice after 5 generations of exposure to RFR from an 'antenna park'	Magras & Zenos, 1997
0.2 - 8 uW/cm2	KIDS - RFR caused a two-fold increase in *leukemia in children*	Hocking, 1996
0.2 - 8 uW/cm2	KIDS - RFR *decreased survival in children with leukemia*	Hocking, 2000
0.21 - 1.28 uW/cm2	Adolescents and adults exposed only 45 min to UMTS cell phone radiation reported increases In headaches.	Riddervold, 2008

Power Density (Microwatts/centimeter2 - uW/cm2)		Reference
0.5 uW/cm2	Significant degeneration of seminiferous epithelium in mice at 2.45 GHz, 30-40 min.	Saunders, 1981
0.5 - 1.0 uW/cm2	Wi-FI level laptop exposure for 4-hr resulted in *decrease in sperm viability*, DNA fragmentation with sperm samples placed in petri dishes under a laptop connected via WI-FI to the internet.	Avendano, 2012
1.0 uW/cm2	RFR induced *pathological leakage of the blood-brain barrier*	Persson, 1997
1.0 uW/cm2	RFR caused significant effect on immune function in mice	Fesenko, 1999
1.0 uW/cm2	RFR affected function of the immune system	Novoselova, 1999
1.0 uW/cm2	Short-term (50 min) exposure in electrosensitive patients, caused *loss of well-being* after GSM and especially UMTS cell phone radiation exposure	Eltiti, 2007
1.3 - 5.7 uW/cm2	RFR associated with a doubling of leukemia in adults	Dolk, 1997
1.25 uW/cm2	RFR exposure affected kidney development in rats (in-utero exposure)	Pyrpasopoulou, 2004
1.5 uW/cm2	RFR reduced memory function in rats	Nittby, 2007
2 uW/cm2	RFR induced double-strand DNA damage in rat brain cells	Kesari, 2008
2.5 uW/cm2	RFR affected *calcium concentrations in heart muscle cells*	Wolke, 1996
2 - 4 uW/cm2	Altered cell membranes; acetycholine-induced ion channel disruption	D'Inzeo, 1988
4 uW/cm2	RFR caused changes in hippocampus (brain memory and learning)	Tattersall, 2001
4 - 15 uW/cm2	KIDS - *Memory impairment, slowed motor skills and retarded learning in children*	Chiang, 1989
5 uW/cm2	RFR caused drop in NK lymphocytes (immune function decreased)	Boscolo, 2001
5.25 uW/cm2	20 minutes of RFR at cell tower frequencies *induced cell stress response*	Kwee, 2001
5 - 10 uW/cm2	RFR caused impaired nervous system activity	Dumansky, 1974
6 uW/cm2	RFR induced *DNA damage in cells*	Phillips, 1998

Power Density (Microwatts/centimeter2 - uW/cm2)							Reference
8.75 uW/cm2	RFR at 900 MHz for 2-12 hours caused *DNA breaks in leukemia cells*						Marinelli, 2004
10 uW/cm2	*Changes in behavior (avoidance)* after 0.5 hour exposure to pulsed RFR						Navakatikian, 1994
10 - 100 uW/cm2	*Increased risk in radar operators of cancer; very short latency period*; dose response reported.	to	exposure	level	of	RFR	Richter, 2000
12.5 uW/cm2	RFR caused *calcium efflux in cells* - can affect many critical cell functions						Dutta, 1989
13.5 uW/cm2	RFR *affected human lymphocytes* - induced stress response in cells						Sarimov, 2004
20 uW/cm2	*Increase in serum cortisol (a stress hormone)*						Mann, 1998
28.2 uW/cm2	RFR increased free radical production in rat cells						Yurekli, 2006
37.5 uW/cm2	*Immune system effects - elevation of PFC count (antibody producing cells*						Veyret, 1991
45 uW/cm2	Pulsed RFR affected serum testosterone levels in mice						Forgacs, 2006
50 uW/cm2	Cell phone RFR caused a *pathological leakage of the blood-brain barrier in 1 hour*						Salford, 2003
50 uW/cm2	An 18% reduction in REM sleep (important to memory and learning functions)						Mann, 1996
60 uW/cm2	RFR caused structural changes in cells of mouse embryos						Somozy, 1991
60 uW/cm2	Pulsed RFR affected immune function in white blood cells						Stankiewicz, 2006
60 uW/cm2	Cortex of the brain was activated by 15 minutes of 902 MHz cell phone						Lebedeva, 2000
65 uW/cm2	RFR affected genes related to cancer						Ivaschuk, 1999
92.5 uW/cm2	RFR caused genetic changes in human white blood cells						Belyaev, 2005
100 uW/cm2	Changes in immune function						Elekes, 1996
100 uW/cm2	A 24.3% drop in testosterone after 6 hours of CW RFR exposure						Navakatikian, 1994
120 uW/cm2	A pathological leakage in the blood-brain barrier with 915 MHz cell RF						Salford, 1994

Power Density (Microwatts/centimeter2 - uW/cm2)					Reference
500 uW/cm2 Intestinal epithelial cells exposed to 2.45	GHz pulsed at	16 Hz	*showed changes in intercellular*	calcium.	Somozy, 1993
500 uW/cm2 A 24.6% drop in testosterone and 23.2%	*drop in insulin*	after	12 hrs of pulsed RFR exposure.		Navakatikian, 1994

STANDARDS

530 - 600 uW/cm2

1000 uW/cm2

5000 uW/cm2

Limit for uncontrolled public exposure to 800-900 MHz

PCS STANDARD for public exposure (as of September 1,1997)

PCS STANDARD for occupational exposure (as of September 1, 1997)

ANSI/IEEE and FCC FCC, 1996

FCC, 1996

BACKGROUND LEVELS

0.003 uW/cm2

0.05 uW/cm2

0.1 - 10 uW/cm2

Background RF levels in US cities and suburbs in the 1990s Median ambient power density in cities in Sweden (30-2000 MHz)

Ambient power density within 100-200' of cell site in US (data from 2000)

Mantiply, 1997

Hamnierius, 2000

Sage, 2000

SAR Reference (Watts/Kilogram)

0.000064 - 0.000078 Well-being and cognitive function affected in humans exposed to GSM-UMTS cell phone frequencies; RF levels TNO Physics andW/Kg similar near cell sites

0.00015 - 0.003 Calcium ion movement in isolated frog heart tissue is increased 18% (P<.01) and by 21% (P<.05) by weak RF Schwartz, 1990 W/Kg field modulated at 16 Hz

0.000021 - 0.0021 Changes in cell cycle; cell proliferation (960 MHz GSM mobile phone) Kwee, 1997 W/Kg

Neurobehavioral disorders in offspring of pregnant mice exposed in utero to cell phones - dose-response

0.0003 - 0.06 W/Kg impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex. Aldad, 2012 Hyperactivity and impaired memory function in offspring. Altered brain development.

0.0016 - 0.0044 Very low power 700 MHz CW affects excitability of hippocampus tissue, consistent with reported behavioral Tattersall, 2001 W/Kg changes.

0.0021 W/Kg Heat shock protein HSP 70 is activated by very low intensity microwave exposure in human epithelial amnion Kwee, 2001 cells

0.0024 - 0.024 W/Kg Digital cell phone RFR at very low intensities causes DNA damage in human cells; both DNA damage and Phillips, 1998 impairment of DNA is reported

0.0027 W/Kg Changes in active avoidance conditioned behavioral effect is seen after one-half hour of pulsed radiofrequency Navakatikian, 1994 radiation

0.0035 W/Kg 900 MHz cell phone signal induces DNA breaks and early activation of p53 gene; short exposure of 2-12 hours Marinelli, 2004 leads cells to acquire greater survival chance - linked to tumor agressiveness.

0.0095 W/Kg MW modulated at 7 Hz produces more errors in short-term memory functioin on complex tasks (can affect Lass, 2002 cognitive processes such as attention and memory)

0.001 W/Kg 750 MHz continuous wave (CW) RFR exposure caused increase in heat shock protein (stress proteins). De Pomerai, 2000 Equivalent to what would be induced by 3 degree C. heating of tissue (but no heating occurred)

0.001 W/Kg Statistically significant change in intracellular calcium concentration in heart muscle cells exposed to RFR (900 Wolke, 1996 MHz/50 Hz modulation)

SAR Reference (Watts/Kilogram)

0.0021 W/Kg A significant change in cell proliferation not attributable to thermal heating. RFR induces non-thermal stress Velizarov, 1999 proteins (960 MHz GSM)

915 MHz cell phone RFR caused pathological leakage of blood-brain barrier. Worst at lower SAR levels and

0.004 - 0.008 W/Kg worse with CW compared to Frequency of pathological changes was 35% in rats exposed to pulsed radiation at Persson, 1997 50% to continuous wave RFR. Effects observed at a specific absorption (SA) of > 1.5 joules/Kg in human

tissues

0.0059 W/Kg Cell phone RFR induces glioma (brain cancer) cells to significantly increase thymidine uptake, which may be Stagg, 1997 indication of more cell division

0.014 W/Kg Sperm damage from oxidative stress and lowered melatonin levels resulted from 2-hr per day/45 days Kumar, 2012 exposure to 10 GHz.

0.015 W/Kg Immune system effects - elevation of PFC count (antibody-producing cells) Veyret, 1991

A single, 2-hr exposure to GSM cell phone radiation results in serious neuron damage (brain cell damage) and

0.02 W/Kg death in cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia of brain- even 50+ days later blood-brain barrier is still leaking Salford, 2003 albumin (P<.002) following only one cell phone exposure

0.026 W/Kg Activity of c-jun (oncogene or cancer gene) was altered in cells after 20 minutes exposure to cell phone digital Ivaschuk, 1997 TDMA signal

0.0317 W/Kg Decrease in eating and drinking behavior Ray, 1990

0.037 W/Kg Hyperactivity caused by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor is countered by exposure to ultra-wide band pulses Seaman, 1999 (600/sec) for 30 min

A 1-hr cell phone exposure causes chromatin condensation; impaired DNA repair mechanisms; last 3 days

0.037 - 0.040 W/Kg (longer than stress response) the effect reaches saturation in only one hour of exposure; electro- sensitive (ES) Belyaev, 2008people have different response in formation of DNA repair foci, compared to healthy individuals; effects depend

on carrier frequency (915 MHz = 0.037 W/Kg but 1947 MHz = 0.040 W/Kg)

0.05 W/Kg Significant increase in firing rate of neurons (350%) with pulsed 900 MHz cell phone radiation exposure (but not Beason, 2002 with CW) in

SAR Reference (Watts/Kilogram)

0.09 W/Kg 900 MHz study of mice for 7 days, 12-hr per day (whole-body) resulted in significant effect on mitochondria and Aitken, 2005 genome stability

Wireless internet 2400 MHz, 24-hrs per day/20 weeks increased DNA damage and reduced DNA repair; levels

0.091 W/Kg below 802.11 g Authors say "findings raise questions about safety of radiofrequency exposure from Wi-Fi Atasoy, 2012 internet access devices for growing organisms of reproductive age, with a potential effect on fertility and

integrity of germ cells" (male germ cells are the reproductive cells=sperm)

0.11 W/Kg Increased cell death (apoptosis) and DNA fragmentation at 2.45 GHz for 35 days exposure (chronic exposure Kesari, 2010 study)

0.121 W/Kg Cardiovascular system shows significant decrease in arterial blood pressure (hypotension) after exposure to Lu, 1999 ultra-wide band pulses

0.13 - 1.4 W/Kg Lymphoma cancer rate doubled with two 1/2-hr exposures per day of cell phone radiation for 18 months Repacholi, 1997 (pulsed 900 MHz cell signal)

0.14 W/Kg Elevation of immune response to RFR exposure Elekes, 1996

0.141 W/Kg Structural changes in testes - smaller diameter of seminiferous Dasdag, 1999

0.15 - 0.4 W/Kg Statistically significant increase in malignant tumors in rats chronically exposed to RFR Chou, 1992

0.26 W/Kg Harmful effects to the eye/certain drugs sensitize the eye to RFR Kues, 1992

0.28 - 1.33 W/Kg Significant increase in reported headaches with increasing use of hand-held cell phone use (maximum tested Chia, 2000 was 60 min per day)

0.3 - 0.44 W/Kg Cell phone use results in changes in cognitive thinking/mental tasks related to memory retrieval Krause, 2000

0.3 - 0.44 W/Kg Attention function of brain and brain responses are speeded up Preece, 1999

0.3 - 0.46 W/Kg Cell phone RFR doubles pathological leakage of blood-brain barrier permeability at two days (P=.002) and Schirmacher, 2000 triples permeability at four days (P=.001) at 1800 MHz GSM cell phone radiation

0.43 W/Kg Significant decrease in sperm mobility; drop in sperm concentration; and decrease in seminiferous tubules at Salama, 2008 800 MHz, 8-hr/day, 12 weeks, with mobile phone radiation level on STANDBY ONLY (in rabbits)

SAR Reference (Watts/Kilogram)

0.5 W/Kg 900 MHz pulsed RF affects firing rate of neurons (Lymnea stagnalis) but continuous wave had no effect Bolshakov, 1992

0.58 - 0.75 W/Kg Decrease in brain tumors after chronic exposure to RFR at 836 MHz Adey, 1999

Mouse embryos develop fragile cranial bones from in utero 900 MHz The authors say "(O)ur results clearly show

0.6 - 0.9 W/Kg that even modest exposure (e.g., 6 min daily for 21 days" is sufficient to interfere with the normal mouse Fragopoulou, 2009 developmental process"

0.6 and 1.2 W/Kg Increase in DNA single and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells with exposure to 2450 MHz RFR Lai & Singh, 1996

0.795 W/Kg GSM 900 MHz, 217 Hz significantly decreases ovarian development and size of ovaries, due to DNA damage and Panagopoulous, 2012premature cell death of nurse cells and follicles in ovaries (that nourish egg cells)

0.87 W/Kg Altered human mental performance after exposure to GSM cell phone radiation (900 MHz TDMA digital cell Hamblin, 2004 phone signal)

Change in human brainwaves; decrease in EEG potential and statistically significant change in alpha (8-13 Hz)

0.87 W/Kg and beta (13-22 Hz) brainwave activity in humans at 900 MHz; exposures 6/min per day for 21 days (chronic D'Costa, 2003 exposure)

0.9 W/Kg Decreased sperm count and more sperm cell death (apoptosis) after 35 days exposure, 2-hr per day Kesari, 2012

Rats exposed to mobile phone radiation on STANDBY ONLY for 11-hr 45-min plus 15-min TRANSMIT mode; 2

< 1.0 W/Kg times per day for 21 days showed decreased number of ovarian follicles in pups born to these pregnant rats. Gul, 2009 The authors conclude "the decreased number of follicles in pups exposed to mobile phone microwaves suggest

that intrauterine exposure has toxic effects on ovaries."

One 6-hr exposure to 1800 MHz cell phone radiation in human sperm cells caused a significant dose response and reduced sperm motility and viability; reactive oxygen species levels were significantly increased after

0.4 - 1.0 W/Kg exposure to 1.0 W/Kg; study confirms detrimental effects of RF/MW to human sperm. The authors conclude De Iuliis, 2009 "(T)hese findings have clear implicatiions for the safety of extensive mobile phone use by males of reproductive

age, potentially affecting both their fertility and the health and wellbeing of their offspring."

1.0 W/Kg Human semen degraded by exposure to cell phone frequency RF increased free-radical damage. De Iuliis, 2009

SAR Reference (Watts/Kilogram)

1.0 W/Kg Motility, sperm count, sperm morphology, and viability reduced in active cell phone users (human males) in Agarwal, 2008 dose-dependent manner.

1.0 W/Kg GSM cell phone use modulates brain wave oscillations and sleep EEG Huber, 2002

1.0 W/Kg Cell phone RFR during waking hours affects brain wave activity. (EEG patterns) during subsequent sleep Achermann, 2000

1.0 W/Kg Cell phone use causes nitric oxide (NO) nasal vasodilation (swelling inside nasal passage) on side of head phone Paredi, 2001 use

1.0 W/Kg Increase in headache, fatigue and heating behind ear in cell phone users Sandstrom, 2001

1.0 W/Kg Significant increase in concentration difficulties using 1800 MHz cell phone compared to 900 MHz cell phone Santini, 2001

1.0 W/Kg Sleep patterns and brain wave activity are changed with 900 MHz cell phone radiation exposure during sleep Borbely, 1999

1.4 W/Kg GSM cell phone exposure induced heat shock protein HSP 70 by 360% (stress response) and phosphorylation of Weisbrot, 2003 ELK-1 by 390%

1.46 W/Kg 850 MHz cell phone radiation decreases sperm motility, viability is significantly decreased; increased oxidative Agarwal, 2009 damage (free-radicals) significantly decreased; increased oxidative damage (free-radicals)

1.48 W/Kg A significant decrease in protein kinase C activity at 112 MHz with 2-hr per day for 35 days; hippocampus is Paulraj, 2004 site, consistent with reports that RFR negatively affects learning and memory functions

1.0 - 2.0 W/Kg Significant elevation in micronuclei in peripheral blood cells at 2450 MHz (8 treatments of 2-hr each) Trosic, 2002

1.5 W/Kg GSM cell phone exposure affected gene expression levels in tumor suppressor p53-deficient embryonic stem Czyz, 2004 cells; and significantly increased HSP 70 heat shock protein production

Whole-body exposure to RF cell phone radiation of 900-1800 MHz 1 cm from head of rats caused high incidence

1.8 W/Kg of sperm cell death; deformation of sperm cells; prominent clumping together of sperm cells into "grass bundle Yan, 2007 shapes" that are unable to separate/swim. Sperm cells unable to swim and fertilize in normal manner.

SAR (Watts/Kilogram)		Reference
2.0 W/Kg	GSM cell phone exposure of 1-hr activated heat shock protein HSP 27 (stress response) and P38 MAPK (mutagen-activated protein kinase) that authors say facilitates brain cancer and increased blood-brain barrier permeability, allowing toxins to cross BBB into brain	Leszczynski, 2002
2 W/Kg	900 MHz cell phone exposure caused brain cell oxidative damage by increasing levels of NO, MDA, XO and ADA in brain cells; caused statistically significant increase in 'dark neurons' or damaged brain cells in cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia with a 1-hr exposure for 7 consecutive days	Ilhan, 2004
2.6 W/Kg	900 MHz cell phone exposure for 1-hr significantly altered protein expression levels in 38 proteins following irradiation; activates P38 MAP kinase stress signalling pathway and leads to changes in cell sie and shape (shrinking and rounding up) and to activation of HSP 27, a stress protein (heat shock protein)	Leszczynski, 2004
2.0 - 3.0 W/Kg	RFR accelerated development of both skin and breast tumors	Szmigielski, 1982
2 W/Kg	Pulse-modulated RFR and MF affect brain physiology (sleep study)	Schmidt, 2012

STANDARDS
0.08 W/Kg	IEEE Standard uncontrolled public environment (whole body)	IEEE
0.4 W/Kg	IEEE Standard controlled occupational environment (whole body)	IEEE
1.6 W/Kg	FCC (IEEE) SAR limit for 1 gram of tissue in a partial body exposure	FCC, 1996
2 W/Kg	ICNIRP SAR limit for 10 grams of tissue	ICNIRP, 1996

Studies and Research on Health Effects of Radio Frequency Exposure :

Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones. Electromagn Biol Med. 2014 Feb 5 by Abu Khadra KM, Khalil AM, Abu Samak M, Aljaberi A. : Results suggest that exposure to electromagnetic radiation may exert an oxidative stress on human cells as evidenced by the increase in the concentration of the superoxide radical anion released in the saliva of cell phone users.

Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 92(4) 1318-1325, 2009. By Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, Sharma R : Radio frequency electromagnetic waves emitted from cell phones may lead to oxidative stress in human semen. We speculate that keeping the cell phone in a trouser pocket in talk mode may negatively affect spermatozoa and impair male fertility.
Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain. Electromagn Biol Med. 38(1):32-47, 2019. By : Alkis ME, Bilgin HM, Akpolat V, Dasdag S, Yegin K, Yavas MC, Akdag MZ : Results of the study showed that DNA damage and oxidative stress indicators were found higher in the RFR exposure groups than in the sham-control group. In conclusion, 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz RFR emitted from mobile phones may cause oxidative damage, induce increase in lipid peroxidation, and increase oxidative DNA damage formation in the frontal lobe of the rat brain tissues. Furthermore, 2100-MHz RFR may cause formation of DNA single-strand breaks.
Effect of mobile phone usage time on total antioxidant capacity of saliva and salivary immunoglobulin a. Iran J Public Health. 43(4):480-484, 2014. BY : Arbabi-Kalati F, Salimi S, Vaziry-Rabiee A, Noraeei M. : Over an hour talking with a cell phone decreases total antioxidant capacity of saliva in comparison with talking less than twenty minutes.
Exposure to mobile phone (900-1800 MHz) during pregnancy: tissue oxidative stress after childbirth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 31(10):1298-1303, 2018 : Exposure to mobile phone (900-1800 MHz) during pregnancy induced oxidative stress in tissues of dams and their offspring.
Effects of microwaves (900 MHz) on peroxidase systems: a comparison between lactoperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase. Electromagn Biol Med. 2015 Jan 12:1-7 : Experimental evidence that irradiation causes conformational changes of the active sites and influences the formation and stability of the intermediate free radicals is documented by measurements of enzyme kinetics, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and cyclic voltammetry.
900-MHz microwave radiation enhances gamma-ray adverse effects on SHG44 cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 72(11):727-732, 2009 : The combination of EMF and gamma-ray exposure resulted in a synergistic effect by triggering stress response, which increased reactive oxygen species
Investigation of the effects of distance from sources on apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium accumulation via TRPV1 channels induced by mobile phones and Wi-Fi in breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. BY : Çiğ B, Nazıroğlu M. : Wi-Fi and mobile phone EMR placed within 10cm of the cells induced excessive oxidative responses and apoptosis via TRPV1-induced cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation in the cancer cells
Overproduction of free radical species in embryonal cells exposed to low intensity radiofrequency radiation. Exp Oncol. 35(3):219-225, 2013. (LI) by:*Burlaka A, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Lukin S, Polishuk V, Tsehmistrenko S, Yakymenko I. : Exposure of developing quail embryos to extremely low intensity RF-EMR of GSM 900 MHz during at least one hundred and fifty-eight hours leads to a significant overproduction of free radicals/reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage of DNA in embryo cells.
Inhibition of cellular proliferation and enhancement of hydrogen peroxide production in fibrosarcoma cell line by weak radio frequency magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 35(8):598-602, 2014. : This study presents experimental data for the effects of weak radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and cellular growth rates of fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells in vitro. The results demonstrate an overall magnetic field-induced biological effect that shows elevated H2O2 levels with accompanying decrease in cellular growth rates.
Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa In Vitro. PLoS ONE 4(7): e6446, 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446 by: De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ. : RF-EMR in both the power density and frequency range of mobile phones enhances mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation by human spermatozoa, decreasing the motility and vitality of these cells while stimulating DNA base adduct formation and, ultimately DNA fragmentation. These findings have clear implications for the safety of extensive mobile phone use by males of reproductive age, potentially affecting both their fertility and the health and wellbeing of their offspring
Comparison of the Genotoxic Effects Induced by 50 Hz Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in GC-2 Cells. Radiat Res. 183(3):305-314, 2015. By: Duan W, Liu C, Zhang L, He M, Xu S, Chen C, Pi H, Gao P, Zhang Y, Zhong M, Yu Z, Zhou Z. : RF-EMF exposure significantly induced oxidative DNA base damage at a SAR value of 4 W/kg,
Neuroprotective effects of melatonin and omega-3 on hippocampal cells prenatally exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol. 2016 Jul 21:1-6. By : Erdem Koç G, Kaplan S, Altun G, Gümüş H, Gülsüm Deniz Ö, Aydin I, Emin Onger M, Altunkaynak Z.
900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative stress on heart, lung, testis and liver tissues. Gen Physiol Biophys. 30(1):84-89, 2011. By Esmekaya MA, Ozer C, Seyhan N. : Results of our study showed that pulse-modulated RF radiation causes oxidative injury in liver, lung, testis and heart tissues mediated by lipid peroxidation, increased level of NOx and suppression of antioxidant defense mechanism.
Effect of Radiofrequency Radiation on Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Radiat Res. 186(5):455-465, 2016. By : Gläser K, Rohland M, Kleine-Ostmann T, Schrader T, Stopper H, Hintzsche H.
Effects of 837 and 1950 MHz radiofrequency radiation exposure alone or combined on oxidative stress in MCF10A cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 33(7):604-611, 2012. By : Hong MN, Kim BC, Ko YG, Lee YS, Hong SC, Kim T, Pack JK, Choi HD, Kim N, Lee JS.
Effects of combined radiofrequency radiation exposure on levels of reactive oxygen species in neuronal cells. J Radiat Res. 2013 Oct 8. By : Kang KA, Lee HC, Lee JJ, Hong MN, Park MJ, Lee YS, Choi HD, Kim N, Ko YK, Lee JS. :The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the combined RF radiation (837 MHz CDMA plus 1950 MHz WCDMA) signal on levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neuronal cells. The findings indicate that neither combined RF radiation alone nor combined RF radiation with menadione or H2O2 influences the intracellular ROS level in neuronal cells such as U87, PC12 or SH-SY5Y.
The impact of electromagnetic radiation of different parameters on platelet oxygen metabolism - in vitro studies. Adv Clin Exp Med. 24(1):31-35, 2015. BY : Lewicka M, Henrykowska GA, Pacholski K, Szczęsny A, Dziedziczak-Buczyńska M, Buczyński : The low frequency electromagnetic fields generated by car electronics, physiotherapy equipment and LCD monitors may be a cause of oxidative stress in the human body and may lead to free radical diseases.
2.45-Gz wireless devices induce oxidative stress and proliferation through cytosolic Ca²⁺ influx in human leukemia cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol. 88(6):449-456, 2012a.

BioInitiative Report :" Electromagnetic Fields, Pulsed Radiofrequency Radiation, and Epigenetics: How Wireless Technologies May Affect Childhood Development"